Use of Radiography (X-ray) in Dentistry

Dental radiographs, x-rays are the pictures of the teeth and also bones and tissues that support teeth. These x-rays are taken for finding out the problem with the teeth, jaw and mouth. X-rays show things that are not easily visible during dental examination/checkup. In this article, we will discuss the types of dental x-rays in dentistry.

Types of dental X-ray procedures
There are two types of dental X-ray procedures, namely, extra oral (X-ray film outside the mouth) and intra oral (X-ray inside the mouth)

Intra Oral X-rays
These x-rays are commonly used by dentists. Intra oral x-rays allows a dentist to find out cavities, checking the health of the bone that surrounds teeth and also the roots of the teeth.
There are different types of Intra oral x-rays showing various aspects of the teeth.

1) PR (Periapical X-rays)
This x-ray shows full tooth, from the crown till the beyond of the tooth roots in the jaw. These x-rays are used for detecting any abnormalities in the structure of the entire tooth.

2) Occlusal X-rays
These are larger and shows full development of the tooth. Moreover, it reveals the whole arch of the teeth in lower or upper jaw as needed.

3) Bitewing
These X-rays are used for checking the teeth form crown upto the end roots. These X-ray procedure is helpful in finding the decay in between the teeth, gum disease and also tooth alignment problems. Sometime. It is used for measuring bone loss due to advanced stage of gum disease known as periodontitis.

Extra oral X-rays
This shows teeth but mainly focuses on jaw and skull. Extra oral x-rays are used to look for impacted tooth, monitoring growth and development of jaw and teeth, identifying problems in teeth and jaw and temporomandibular joint or other facial bones.

There are different types of extra oral x-rays:
1) CT (Computed tomography)
Also known as CT scan that shows the interior structure of the body. CT scans are performed in radiology centers or hospitals rather than in a dental office which is used for identifying problems with facial bones like fractures and tumors. Further, it is used for evaluation of bone for placing dental implants and complicated extractions. This will help surgeon avoid complications during surgery.

2) Panoramic X-rays
These X-rays show the whole mouth area which means all the teeth in lower as well as upper jaw in a single X-ray. There is a special x-ray machine for panoramic x-rays. The main focus of these X-rays is on the position of the emerged teeth as well as emerging ones and also identifying impacted tooth.

3) Cephalometric projections
These x-rays show the whole side of the head. Cephalometric projections are used to examine the  teeth with relation to jaw and facial bones. These type of X-rays are used by orthodontists to plan their treatment.

Types and Features of SSL Certificate

SSL stands for Secure Socket Layer. This protocol has been developed by Netscape. It is used to transmit private documents via Internet. It uses cryptographic system and having two keys to encrypt the data. The keys are public key and private key. The public key is known to everyone. The private key is known only to recipient of the message. Many websites using this protocol to obtain the confidential information like credit card numbers and banking transaction security codes. If the

Website or URL has an SSL connection, it will start with https instead of http. In this article, we will discuss the features of each type of SSL certificate.

• High assurance certificate: The High assurance certificate is a normal type of certificate. To give this certificate, the authorities will check for validity business registration and the ownership of the domain name. These two are listed on the certificate. The visitors can see the ownership of the domain and the business which it runs. The validation to issue this certificate will take from an hour to a few days and it needs manual verification.

• Low assurance certificate: The low assurance certificate is also known as domain validated certificate. These provide less assurance to the customers than the high assurance certificates. These are less expensive than the high assurance certificates.

Domain validated certificates include the domain name only and not the business or organization name. The certificate can be issued instantly and the authorities will verify automatically by checking WHOIS record.

• Extended validation: Extended validation certificates are a new type of certificates that are designed to prevent phishing attacks. Business authorization and extended validation of the business is required to order this certificate. The certificate is received within a few days or few weeks. The extended validation certificate will give more assurance than the high assurance certificate. When a website have this certificate the address bar display in green color.

• Wildcard certificate: The wildcard certificate will work on all the mail domain extended or sub domain URLs. For example the wildcard certificate is taken for '*.domainname.com'. The business have the other domains like mail.domainname.com, www.domainname.com etc. This certificate will work regardless of changes on the * mark part.

Warranty:
Warranty while giving the purchase of a certificate is slightly different from the general warranty. Generally when a product is purchased the warranty is given to the customer to the product. In SSL certificate the warranty is actually to the end user. When the end user lose the money by deceive while transaction in the certified website, the certification authority will pay that amount to the end user. The warranty is differ from one authority to another.

These are the main types of SSL certificates available. These can be given by almost all the certificate issuing authorities. Based on the requirements of the website you can select the suitable type.